Celta Assignment 2Skills -Related Task - 1134 Words

Cambridge CELTA Written Assignment Two Skills –related tasks Word count: 1082 I acknowledge that this paper is my own work. Trainee: Mileva Genadieva Signature: Date: 18.02.2013 Receptive skills: According to J. Harmer in his book The Practice of English Language Teaching, â€Å"receptive skills are the ways in which people extract the meaning from the discourse they see or hear†. In the following text â€Å"Playing with your food† the main skill that is being practiced is reading and along with it other sub-skills are being developed such as practicing new vocabulary, reading for gist in order for the students to understand the main idea. Enhancement of receptive skills will increase the rate at†¦show more content†¦Rationale: this activity will help students practice spelling, vocabulary, grammar and text formation which differ quite a lot from speaking. 2. Speaking activity: The teacher asks the students to divide in groups and of 2 or 3 and elicits that each group is a musical orchestra that uses different materials for their instruments, such as vegetables, old office materials, fruit or things they can find in nature. Each group will have to decide on its name, style of music, instruments and activities. What kind of songs they have and some history that they can imagine. After this they will have about 5-6 minutes to prepare and then they will have to introduce themselves to the rest of the class. Afterwards the class will vote which musical band might get in the leading positions of the radio charts. This activity will be useful to students as it encourages them to practice new vocabulary from the text, etc. biodegradable, environmentally-conscious, and to interpret the new information in their own way and engage in a spoken dialogue. Ex.1 Read text and answer the following questions: 1. What makes this orchestra different from others? (they make their own instruments from vegetables) 2. How is the orchestra called? (The Vienna Vegetable Orchestra) 3. What happens to the vegetables after aShow MoreRelatedCelta Syllabus Assessment Essay5688 Words   |  23 PagesCELTA Syllabus and Assessment Guidelines Third Edition CELTA (Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) is accredited by Ofqual (the regulator of qualifications, examinations and assessments in England) at level 5 on the Qualifications and Credit Framework. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations 1 Hills Road Cambridge CB1 2EU United Kingdom Email: ESOLhelpdesk@CambridgeESOL.org www.CambridgeESOL.org EMC|2254|0Y12  © UCLES 2010 CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH: CELTA SYLLABUS Read MoreCelta Key15571 Words   |  63 PagesCAMBRIDGE CELTA COURSE 24 June – 19 July 2013 Dear Trainee, Welcome to British Side and the course! You are now trainees on the Cambridge CELTA Course and students at British Side. The former means that you are following a training course designed by the University of Cambridge ESOL. The syllabus and assessment criteria are laid down by this organisation, and the course will be inspected and moderated by an externally appointed assessor. You will not be assessed by this person (s/he will inspectRead MoreCelta: Assignment 3: Skills-Related1182 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿CELTA-June 2013 Assignment 3: Skills-Related Part1: Justification of material choice For this Skills-related assignment, my choice of authentic reading material is â€Å"Few Places with Better Stories†. from Asian Geographic magazine (no 78 issue 1/2011, pages 30 and 35). As this magazine is widely read and it is also a popular TV channel, the students will be able to relate to it easily. I decided to use this article as I think it is appropriate for English Language learners at the Intermediate levelRead MoreCelta Assignment 3883 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 3: Skills Related Task Course: Celta By: Syed Ahmed Submission date:15/08/2011 Rationale for lesson The reason why radio advertisement has been chosen is due to the following: †¢ I would expect students listen to the radio everyday. They are exposed to radio advertisement whether it is in English or in their native language. It is a useful area to explore as students will pick up a few words used in advertisements and hence generate interest in learning the language. Read MoreCELTA ASSIGNMENT 3 Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesCAMBRIDGE CELTA Assignment 3 Receptive Skill Krishna Bahadur Bohora 1/7/2014 â€Æ' Assignment 3 I have selected a news article from an online entry of Telegraph Media Group Limited for Authentic Material for Reading. The title of the text is Cyclist trapped under car for 30 minutes escapes with just cuts and bruises. The text is selected for the learners of mid-intermediate level. The learners of this level have some knowledge of complex sentence structures and vocabularyRead MoreCambridge CELTA Course Assignment 3 Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Cambridge CELTA Course Assignment 3 Skills Related Task Selection of a reading or listening text with rationale, tasks and lesson plan design Trainee: Minoo Date: Feb 18, 2015 Appendix 1: Handouts Appendix 3: Answer key Appendix 2: Text Purpose: According to J. Harmer in his book The Practice of English Language Teaching, â€Å"receptive skills are the ways in which people extract the meaning from the discourse they see or hear†. In the following text the main skill which is going to be practicedRead MoreCelta assignment 3 Essay1752 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿CELTA December 2013 Assignment 3: Skills Related The receptive skill chosen for this assignment is reading, and the authentic material used for the purpose of developing this skill is an article entitled, Greenwich is packed full of Londons most popular attractions [1], which will be related to the productive skill of writing. The learners reside in London and come from EU countries (mostly Italy), and motives for learning the English language vary. The age factor of the students may

Analyzing Two Multicultural Scenarios And Identifying The...

In this week assignment, one will analyze two multicultural scenarios and identify the key components concerning the worldviews and communication styles that are shown in each scenario. Based on one’s understanding, a worldview is something that develops throughout one’s lifespan. It is believed to be one of the most important elements that shape our values, beliefs and personality. In addition, worldviews play an important role in influencing one’s way of communication and decision making process. There are many people who come from different cultural backgrounds, and have different worldviews. Therefore, communication is the key to helping individuals understand the worldviews of other cultures. While, communicating with people from different cultures can be extremely complex, it can also have many advantages. Culture influence the way individuals think, learn and interpret worldviews. Therefore, to communicate with diverse cultures, individuals must have some knowledge of how they differ in worldviews. Lev Vygotsky (1962) a Russian teacher and developmental psychologists, argued that language is the key for which individuals communicate and understand the worldviews of other cultures. Based on the text, there is a strong relation between culture, language and communication. Recent studies have shown that, one of the most fundamental aspects of communication styles is the use of language. Based on this theory, there are many roles of language for which individuals useShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPersonality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and PracticesRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesbe obtained without charge by writing to the CDE Press Sales Office, California Department of Education, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814-5901; faxing to 916-323-0823; or calling the CDE Press Sales Office at the telephone number shown above. Notice The guidance in the California Preschool Learning Foundations (Volume 2) is not binding on local educational agencies or other entities. Except for the statutes, regulations, and court decisions that are referenced herein, the

India Water Pollution Free Essays

What  is  India  Doing  to  Control  Water  Pollution   Caused  by  Sewage  Waste? Studies  found  that  sewage  waste  is  the  main  cause  of  water  pollution  in  India. The  problem  is caused  by  the  poor  treatment  of  dumping  sewage  and  the  failure  to  maintain  sewage  treatment  plants. The  Central  Pollution  Control  Board,  a  company  that  monitors  environmental  issues  in  India,  has created  the  National  Water  Quality  Monitoring  Network,  which  monitors  the  quality  of  waters  all  year. We will write a custom essay sample on India Water Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The  network  monitors  waters  all  over  India. Samples  of  water  are  taken  frequently  and  checked  for bacteria  and  other  harmful  substances  within  the  water. Other  ways  of  sewage  treatment  include  air flotation,  dual  media  filter,  activated  carbon  filter,  sand  filtration  and  sludge  drying  beds. These  methods all  take  place  in  sewage  treatment  plants. Water  treatment  plants  are  very  expensive  and  are  needed  to be  maintained  constantly. Removal  of  sludge  is  said  to  be  the  most  untreated  area  of  water  treatment. This  is  because  of  the  poor  design  and  poor  maintenance  of  the  sludge  treatments. India  has  set  policies to  control  sewage  pollution  in  water. he  Ministry  of  Environment  and  Forests  has  created  financial  and technical  support  systems  to   promote  the  proper  treatment  of  water. The  problem  with  India’s  water treatment  is  that  the  government  is  not  putting  enough  effort  into  making  the  water  Ã‚  usable  for  its  citizens. The  government  should  promote  the  health  hazards  and  future  issues  of  water  pollution  so  the  citizens can  learn  to  treat  their  water  better. Informing  citizens  is  also  a  way  of  treatment  because  people  will  be aware  of  the  issues  water  pollution  will  cause  for  them  and  therefore  they  will  take  action. How to cite India Water Pollution, Papers

The Perception of Samaleños To The Implementation Of K-12 Program in Public Schools free essay sample

The Philippine education system pursues the achievement of excellent undergraduates in the elementary and secondary level. The Department of Education pronounces the addition of two more years in the basic education of students, which according to them will benefit not only the Filipino youth but all the Filipino in the Philippines. The administration asserts that with the implementation of such program, the problem of unemployment in the country will be resolved. In as much as employment in the Philippines is concerned, the K12 education also responds to the fact that most countries in the world already have the same plan in their educational institutions. With this, the standards of these countries go a notch higher than what the country has, thus, creating an expansion in the global competency. Introduction The K-12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education Six years of Primary Education, Four years of Junior High School, and Two years of Senior High School (SHS) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perception of Samaleà ±os To The Implementation Of K-12 Program in Public Schools or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The K-12 implement so that the students will be able to get sufficient instructional time to do subject-related tasks which makes them more prepared and well-trained on that subject area. On the other hand, if we remain on the old system, Filipino students would continually get low achievement scores (Isagani Cruz). Another good reason why we should support K-12 is that the graduates this program will be more prepared to enter the Labor force. As well noticed, High school graduates of the current curriculum are not yet employable for the reason that they are not yet competent and well-equipped with the skills needed in the workplaces. In addition, most high school graduates are not yet reaching the legal age of 18. With the new curriculum, Senior High school students can choose a field that they are good at and that they are interested in. as a result, they will be equipped which the skills needed for a specific job even with out a college degree. At the age of 18, the age when they graduate from High school, they will be employable and competitive already. Thus, adding up to the nation’s manpower (Isagani Cruz, 2010). The implementation of the K-12 plan in the Philippines Basic Education Curriculum is the key to our nation’s development. Though the government will face many problems in the long run of the implementation of the program, there really is need to implement it because the enhancement of the totality is very urgent and critical. Due to that, one of the discussions of DepEd which incurred last October 2010 is to enhance the basic education program of the country in a manner that is least disruptive to the current curriculum,most affordable to government and families, and aligned with international practice through the K-12 policy (Isagani Cruz,2010). The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. Many students who finish basic education do not possess sufficient mastery of basic competencies. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or time on task. This quality of education is reflected in the inadequate preparation of high school graduates for the world of work or entrepreneurship or higher education. High school graduates also do not possess the basic competencies or emotional maturity essential for the world of work (Isagani Cruz,2010). â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education, those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. † quoted from the statement of His Excellency President Benigno S. Aquino III. K-12 has been met with criticism from youth and student groups, teachers, parents and the academic community. The DepEd, for its part,appears determined to enact the program with its proposed budget catering mostly to preparing the grounds for its eventual implementation (Isagani Cruz, 2010). ISLAND GARDEN CITY OF SAMAL, Davao del Norte, February 6, 2014 (PIA) In line with the preparation of the Department of Education for the implementation of the Senior High School under the K to 12 Program, DepEd IGACOS (Island Garden City of Samal) gathered its stakeholders last February 4 for a focus group discussion (FGD) to confer the different sectors preparation for the program and to determine the actual needs of the community (Rommel R. Jandayan, 2014). In the discussion, Engr. Pastor Lozada, Jr. the President of the Resort Owners Assn in the Island and owner of Mahan Beach Resort stressed that schools in the island should offer tracks that would address the needs of the local industry such as automotive technicians, electricians, electronics expert, housekeeping, tourist guide and agri-processing. In the academic offering he also suggested to strengthen the English and Math proficiency of students as well as offer foreign language such as the Chinese language (Rommel R. Jandayan, 2014). Hon. Richard Guindolman, the chair of the education committee in the City Council expressed his gratitude to the DepEd and assured that the Council will be in full support of the program when it will be implemented (Rommel R. Jandayan, 2014). On her part, Bernardita Bunhayag the City’s Planning Officer III informed that the city is on the process of reviewing its City Development Plan and it is now gearing towards an Agri-Tourism Development. For this, the school shall have the view on what tracks and strands they are going to offer for the Senior High School (Rommel R. Jandayan). The discussion was facilitated by Eufemia T. Gamutin, OIC SDS of DepEd IGACOS and assisted by Mr. Rommel Jandayan, K to 12 Coordinator, Filomena Lopez, SBM Coordinator, and Melanie del Campo, Planning Officer II. It was participated by the LGU officials, private high schools, colleges and technical vocational schools in the island, and the congressional office (Rommel R. Jandayan – DepEd IGACOS). The perception of Samalenos in public schools students receive an education that starts with the simplest concepts and build on them each year as they get older. All students can be educated. To create a k-12 school that is highly regarded for its academic excellence, and for its contribution in actively serving and improving the community in which it operates. The Samalenos study shows that longer class period gives more time for a rigorous and well-rounded education that prepares students for success in college and careers. This is a very useful frame of reference since it does make the objectives a lot clearer. The Samalenos public schools are known to be competitive in the private schools. While this may be true, our current education system hinders us in becoming more competitive among other schools. (Isagani Cruz) The program aims to uplift the quality of education in the Philippines in order for graduate to be easily employed. The program also aims to meet the standards required for professionals who would want to work abroad. Most importantly, the system aims to fully enhance and develop the students in order for them to be well-prepared especially in emotional and cognitive aspects. Through this, the Samalenos graduates will be able to face the pressures of their future workplace. Through K-12 Education it open the minds to change and it will take it on a positive way, it will definitely attain the most-aspired educational standards which will play a great role in our country’s development and will (Wikipedia, 2004). The PTSPF stands for Poverty, Teachers Training and Interest, Students Interest to study, Private Schools Will Benefit and Facilities. Poverty, most Filipinos are having a financial difficulty, especially on their own family. Some parents or guardians work hard just to send their kids to school and to have a quality education because quality education is hard to obtain for young member of the family. Teachers Training and Interest, teachers today are complaining for a low rate salary. K-12 will increase their task or work. If this happens there would be a probability that teacher would seek for another job than to do a lot of work with a low paying job. Students Interest to study, we are introduced with the new technology today and most children are addicted to computer games and stuff and some students find learning disinteresting for the reason they don’t like the subject or the teacher. So, student tend not to listen but they do other things. Private Schools Will Benefit on the business side, schools today increases their tuition fees, especially the miscellaneous fees. Under miscellaneous fees some fees added which are not advisable are included. Lastly, Facilities, educational facilities today is poor especially the public school (Wikipedia, 2003). The Department Of Education will constitute a body to review the current basic education curriculum and detailed the implementation plan. To developed tracks based on different competencies or student interest as an integral component of the program, basic education program should develop tracks based on competencies to meet the country’s varied human capital requirements, and to prepare students for productive endeavor (DepEd, 2011). â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. † (Aquino III, 2011). Enhancing the quality of basic education in the Philippines is urgent and critical. The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or task (Wikipedia). Our children deserve to receive the best education our country can provide for them and our economy depends on an educated and skilled workforce to be successful in the global market (Wikipedia). Theoretical Framework According to Division 16 (Division of School Psychology), of the American Psychological Association (APA) school psychologists operate according to a scientific framework. They work to promote effectiveness and efficiency in the field. School psychologists conduct psychological assessments, provide brief interventions, and develop or help develop prevention programs. Additionally, they evaluate services with special focus on developmental processes of children within the school system, and other systems, such as families. School psychologists consult with teachers, parents, and school personnel about learning and behavioral problems. They may teach lessons on parenting skills (like school counselors), learning strategies, and other skills related to school health. In addition, they often have to explain test results to parents and students. They also may do some counseling. Section 16 of Republic Act No. 10533, entitled â€Å"An Act Enhancing the Philippine Basic Education System by Strengthening Its Curriculum and Increasing the Number of Years for Basic Education, Appropriating Funds Therefore and for other purposes,† otherwise known as the â€Å"Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013†, approved on May 15, 2013 and which took effect on June 8, 2013. A 12-year program is found to be the adequate period for learning under basic education. It is also a standard for recognition of students and/or professionals abroad. Other countries like Singapore have 11 years of compulsory education, but have 12 to 14 years of pre-university education, depending on the track. The Philippines is the last country in Asia and one of only three countries worldwide (the other two being Angola and Djibouti) with a 10-year pre-university cycle. Conceptual Framework This study is about the Perception to the implementation of K-12 Program in public schools. The respondents shared their different perception about the implementation of K-12 in public schools. It is intended as a guide to the next step, which is the process of developing standards for all students. Thus it describes the major practices, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas that all students should be familiar with by the end of high school, and it provides an outline of how these practices, concepts, and ideas should be developed across the grade levels. The implementation of this conceptual framework recognizes the practice of peaceful relations at all levels: personal, familial, communal, inter-cultural and global. It entails a process of knowledge acquisition and skill-building which affects the behavior of individuals and groups and provides a model for the formal and informal curriculum of the school. Education for Peace is a process and condition which permeates all aspects of school life, with implications for learners, teachers, and administrators and it extends beyond the school to society as a whole. Statement of the Problem This research aimed to assist the perception of Samalenos to the implementation of K-12 in Public school specifically, this study is conducted to answer the following questions: What is the perception of Samalenos to the implementation of K-12 in public school? Is there is a significant effects of the Samalenos about the implementation of K-12? Is the respondents aware of the K-12 implemented in public school? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the K-12 Program or the additional 2 years to Basic Education? Will the parents agree or disagree to the K-12 Program? Does the K-12 Program is the solution to improve the quality of education in the Public Schools in Samal City? Significance of the Study This study well be significant to the following: Parents of the students. This would be able to help the parents of the students who are affected by the K-12 program, this will give them an idea of what will be the advantages and disadvantages of the program, and if it will help their children grow from the academic nature. Students. The students will benefit from the study by letting them know how they are going to be able to understand the addition of 2 years from their schooling. Students will know how it will provide a better quality of education to them. Teachers. This study will benefit the teachers from the school, for them to be prepared for the additional two years to the basic education. It is important for them to know the advantages and disadvantages of the program, because they will be the one providing the knowledge to the children. School. This research will also benefit the school, so they will anticipate the additional cost to the program, also the additional teachers and everything that they should be anticipating for. Scope and Delimitation Of The Study This study is focuses only on the perception of the parents, students and teachers affected by the K-12 program since it has been implemented this year. The parents think how it will affect them. It will also attempt in the circumstances that will put one in favorable position. The research study was delimited to teachers, parents and students perception in the Public schools. Definition of Terms The terms below are defined conceptually and operationally to furnish a common ground for understanding, clarity, and communication between the researchers and the readers. Department of Education. It is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the management and governing of the Philippine system of basic education. Education. The wealth of knowledge acquired by an individual after studying particular subject matters or experiencing life lessons that provide an understanding of something. Elementary. A school for the first four to eight years of a child’s formal education, often including kindergarten. K12. A scheme of Department of education which contains the additional one year for elementary and additional one year for secondary. Secondary. It is an institution where the final stage of schooling, usually a compulsory up to specifies age, takes place. It follows elementary or primary school and may be followed by university (tertiary) education. Public School. It is an education required for the children as stipulated by the laws in the government – national, regional, or local – financially supported by the civil through taxes. Perception. It is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of the environment by organizing and interpreting sensory information.

The Physics Of Scuba Diving Swimming with the Fis Essay Example For Students

The Physics Of Scuba Diving: Swimming with the Fis Essay h Have you ever wondered what it would be like to swim with the fish and explore the underwater jungle that covers two-thirds of the earths surface? I have always been interested in water activities; swimming, diving and skiing, and I felt that scuba was for me. My first dive took place while on a family vacation. I came across a dive shop offering introductory dives, which immediately caught my interest. After much convincing (my parents), with my solemn assurance that I would be careful, I was allowed to participate in a dive. I was ready, or so I thought. We will write a custom essay on The Physics Of Scuba Diving: Swimming with the Fis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The slim basics such as breathing were explained and I was literally tossed in. Sounds easy enough, right!, well WRONG!!. From the moment I hit the water, my experience was much less than fun. I quickly sank to the bottom into a new world, with unfamiliar dangers. I really wasnt ready for this experience. I was disorientated, causing me to panic, which shortened the length of my dive, not to mention my air supply. Lets just say I would not do that again. To start exploring the underwater world, one must first master a few skills. Certification is the first step of learning to dive. From qualified professionals one must learn how to use the equipment, safety precautions, and the best places to dive. This paper is designed to help give a general understanding of the sport and the importance that physics plays in it. Self- contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, or SCUBA for short, is a hell of a lot of fun. However, there is considerably more to Diving than just putting on a wetsuit and strapping some compressed air onto ones back. As I quickly learned, diving safely requires quite a bit more in terms of time, effort, and preparation. When one goes underwater, a diver is introduced to a new and unfamiliar world, where many dangers exist, but can be avoided with proper lessons and understanding. With this knowledge the water is ours to discover. The Evolution of Scuba Diving Divers have penetrated the oceans through the centuries for the purpose of acquiring food, searching for treasure, carrying out military operations, performing scientific research and exploration, and enjoying the aquatic environment. Bachrach (1982) identified the following five principal periods in the history of diving which are currently in use. Free (or breath-hold) diving, bell diving, surface support or helmet (hard hat) diving, scuba diving, and, saturation diving or atmospheric diving (Ketels, 4) SCUBA DIVING The development of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus provided the free moving diver with a portable air supply which, although finite in comparison with the unlimited air supply available to the helmet diver, allowed for mobility. Scuba diving is the most frequently used mode in recreational diving and, in various forms, is also widely used to perform underwater work for military, scientific, and commercial purposes. There were many steps in the development of a successful self-contained underwater system. In 1808, Freiderich yon Drieberg invented a bellows-in-a-box device that was worn on the divers back and delivered compressed air from the surface. This device, named Triton, did not actually work but served to suggest that compressed air could be used in diving, an idea initially conceived of by Halley in 1716. (Ketels, 9) In 1865, two French inventors, Rouquayrol and Denayrouse, developed a suit that they described as self-contained. In fact, their suit was not self contained but consisted of a helmet-using surface-supported system that had an air reservoir that was carried on the divers back and was sufficient to provide one breathing cycle on demand. The demand valve regulator was used with surface supply largely because tanks of adequate strength were not yet available to handle air at high pressure. This systems demand valve, which was automatically controlled, represented a major breakthrough because it permitted the diver to have a breath of air when needed. The Rouquayrol and Denayrouse apparatus was described with remarkable accuracy in Jules Vernes classic, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea, which was written in 1869, only 4 years after the inventors had made their device public (Ketels, 10). .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 , .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .postImageUrl , .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 , .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874:hover , .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874:visited , .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874:active { border:0!important; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874:active , .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874 .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua96b85575b54bbe30512b24649449874:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AIDS and HIV misc 12 00 EssaySemi-Self-Contained Diving Suit The demand valve played a critical part in the later development of one form of scuba apparatus. In the 1920s, a French naval officer, Captain Yves Le Prieur, began work on a self-contained air diving apparatus that resulted in 1926 in the award of a patent, shared with his countryman Fernez. This device was a steel cylinder containing compressed air that . The Physics Of Scuba Diving Swimming with the Fis Essay Example For Students The Physics Of Scuba Diving: Swimming with the Fis Essay h The Physics Of Scuba Diving: Swimming with the Fis Essayh Have you ever wondered what it would be like to swim with the fish and explore the underwater jungle that covers two-thirds of the earths surface? I have always been interested in water activities; swimming, diving and skiing, and I felt that scuba was for me. My first dive took place while on a family vacation. I came across a dive shop offering introductory dives, which immediately caught my interest. After much convincing (my parents), with my solemn assurance that I would be careful, I was allowed to participate in a dive. I was ready, or so I thought. We will write a custom essay on The Physics Of Scuba Diving: Swimming with the Fis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The slim basics such as breathing were explained and I was literally tossed in. Sounds easy enough, right!, well WRONG!!. From the moment I hit the water, my experience was much less than fun. I quickly sank to the bottom into a new world, with unfamiliar dangers. I really wasnt ready for this experience. I was disorientated, causing me to panic, which shortened the length of my dive, not to mention my air supply. Lets just say I would not do that again. To start exploring the underwater world, one must first master a few skills. Certification is the first step of learning to dive. From qualified professionals one must learn how to use the equipment, safety precautions, and the best places to dive. This paper is designed to help give a general understanding of the sport and the importance that physics plays in it. Self- contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, or SCUBA for short, is a hell of a lot of fun. However, there is considerably more to Diving than just putting on a wetsuit and strapping some compressed air onto ones back. As I quickly learned, diving safely requires quite a bit more in terms of time, effort, and preparation. When one goes underwater, a diver is introduced to a new and unfamiliar world, where many dangers exist, but can be avoided with proper lessons and understanding. With this knowledge the water is ours to discover. The Evolution of Scuba Diving Divers have penetrated the oceans through the centuries for the purpose of acquiring food, searching for treasure, carrying out military operations, performing scientific research and exploration, and enjoying the aquatic environment. Bachrach (1982) identified the following five principal periods in the history of diving which are currently in use. Free (or breath-hold) diving, bell diving, surface support or helmet (hard hat) diving, scuba diving, and, saturation diving or atmospheric diving (Ketels, 4) SCUBA DIVING The development of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus provided the free moving diver with a portable air supply which, although finite in comparison with the unlimited air supply available to the helmet diver, allowed for mobility. Scuba diving is the most frequently used mode in recreational diving and, in various forms, is also widely used to perform underwater work for military, scientific, and commercial purposes. There were many steps in the development of a successful self-contained underwater system. In 1808, Freiderich yon Drieberg invented a bellows-in-a-box device that was worn on the divers back and delivered compressed air from the surface. This device, named Triton, did not actually work but served to suggest that compressed air could be used in diving, an idea initially conceived of by Halley in 1716. (Ketels, 9) In 1865, two French inventors, Rouquayrol and Denayrouse, developed a suit that they described as self-contained. In fact, their suit was not self contained but consisted of a helmet-using surface-supported system that had an air reservoir that was carried on the divers back and was sufficient to provide one breathing cycle on demand. The demand valve regulator was used with surface supply largely because tanks of adequate strength were not yet available to handle air at high pressure. This systems demand valve, which was automatically controlled, represented a major breakthrough because it permitted the diver to have a breath of air when needed. The Rouquayrol and Denayrouse apparatus was described with remarkable accuracy in Jules Vernes classic, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea, which was written in 1869, only 4 years after the inventors had made their device public (Ketels, 10). .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a , .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .postImageUrl , .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a , .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a:hover , .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a:visited , .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a:active { border:0!important; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a:active , .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u802412f75d4bf43d19432de1406c7c2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Delusional Disorder Treatments EssaySemi-Self-Contained Diving Suit The demand valve played a critical part in the later development of one form of scuba apparatus. In the 1920s, a French naval officer, Captain Yves Le Prieur, began work on a self-contained air diving apparatus that resulted in 1926 in the award of a patent, shared with his countryman Fernez. This .

Jane Eyre Study Research Paper Example

Jane Eyre Study Research Paper Example Jane Eyre Study Paper Jane Eyre Study Paper Essay Topic: Charlotte Temple Jane Eyre Literature The Winters Tale Winters Bone In the novel, when asked if she is book learned Jane replies yes very explore how, despite her early experiences at Lowood and the attitude towards schooling for girls in the nineteenth century Britain, Jane manages to immerge as an educated, young woman by the end of the novel. At Gateshead as a child, Jane is a sensitive, loving, intellectual and thoughtful character, she is keenly aware of her status as an outsider. Jane accepts the disapproval of both John Reed and his mother for their cruelty towards her. No; you are less than a servant(page 14), Although Jane is ill-treated by John, she is mostly disturbed by the fact that she is abused without Mrs. Reed caring, moreover, if she does try to speak out she is directly abandoned or ignored, once again. In addition to this Jane shows some knowledge of history throughout her reading, especially when she expresses her feelings towards John Reed, throughout her anger. Wicked and cruel boy! (Page13) You are like a murderer-you are like a slave drive-you are like the Roman emperors! (Page13) Jane Eyre shows some understanding about the Roman history even though she is living in the nineteenth century and has never been to school. She is fully aware of what and how the Roman emperors were, and their cruelty towards most people. Also as Jane gains confidence from her reading, she can fight back to John immediately, this implies John has no knowledge therefore he has nothing to say back to Jane and is gob smacked. Janes personality does not fit into any of the Reeds preferences; so Bessie tries to persuade Jane into being the way the Reeds prefer her to be. But if you become passionate and rude, Missis will send you away. (Page 15) The message given Jane informs the reader that it is wrong to be passionate at this time during the Victorian period was it was considered improper to be passionate. Therefore everything about Jane is wrong. Furthermore Bessie sets the scene for another section of the novel as she ends her sentence saying,Missis will send you away (page 15) This obviously gives the reader a clue into whats going to happen next, as Jane follows her own opinions and does not take into consideration any of the Reeds demands as she shows no knowledge in the warning that Bessie tries to give her. Jane feels divided from the rest of the Reed family, and they definitely do not do anything to make her feel more comfortable. John Reed says to Jane: You have no business to take our books; you are a dependant, mamma says; you have no money; your father left you none; you ought to beg and not to live here with gentlemans children like us. (Page 12) John states that Janes family was from a lower class and implying therefore she has no right to contribute or receive her love from the Reeds. Jane breaks away her relationship that she has with Mrs. Reed before going to Lowood, her last words to Mrs. Reed were. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live,( page 38) Jane shows the reader that she is slowly gaining independence, as she knows that she most probably wont meet the Reeds ever again and probably wouldnt want to meet them ever again. Jane gives us a sense of need for love as she has never been given the love, her imprisonment in the red-room has rendered into being more emotional, and it is not until she speaks these words to Mrs. Reed that she feels her soul begin to expand. (Page 40) Meaning she gains more confidence in speaking her mind, freely. Furthermore, the opening of this novel depicts the importance of payback as Jane declares that she will Tell anybody who asks me questions this exact tale. (Page 39) Jane expresses her power over and against her harsh aunt, Jane knows that she will meet new people and her life will start again in a new place and a new world with questions to be asked and answered. Jane feels alienated as she arrives at Lowood. This is exacerbated when Mr. Brocklehurst arrives and makes his decree like announcement that Jane is a: castaway-not a member of the true flock but evidently an interloper and an alien. You must be on your guard against her; you must shun her example, . Even on Jane Eyres first day of school she is tormented and mentally abused. One of the themes in this area of the book depicts hatred. Hatred is shown both ways from which Mr. Brocklehurst has treated Jane by excluding her from involving and socializing with the other pupils and teachers. Furthermore Jane Eyre is starved on the first day of school and has been put on the spot. As we can see in the first quotation Jane is known as a castaway and not a member of a true flock, meaning that she has been separated from anyone and has a lower status than anybody in the school. To end with Jane Eyre is given a lot of hatred from her little relationship between herself and Mr. Brocklehurst. In addition Janes desperation for Love is over, as she finds two new people in her school life, Helen Burn, her best friend and Mrs. Temple a teacher who is just like a mother to Jane. To gain some real affection from you, or Mrs. Temple, or any other whom I truly love, I would willingly submit to have the bone of my arm broken. (Page 71)In Lowood Jane Eyre, for the first time gets to express her love to her own loved ones. As she has never experienced love through friends, or a motherly like love through Mrs. Temple she is gradually building her confidence and is learning about relationships through her own ones. As Jane Eyres relationship strengthens with Helen Burns, suddenly, when she finds out that her best friend is dying, Jane has no reaction as Helen secures her. And I shall see you again, Helen, when I die? You will come to the same region of happiness (Page 83) For the first time in Janes life she feels the pain of losing a loved one; however she feels secure, as she knows Helen is going to go to a good palace, heaven. Jane also feels that when she dies she will be in the same place and meet her best friend once again. Before Jane leaves Lowood she assures her self of how Lowood was such a good place and the high standards of education she received. I had the means of an excellent education placed within my reach (Page 83). Jane has gained this satisfying eight year experience at school from which she has learnt so much, therefore she now believes in her self as an upwards independent educated woman. She may also be thankful to her aunt Reed for sending her to Lowood because without her aunts decision Jane would have never been to school, in addition to this Jane is ready to step out into the outside world as she is educated she probably would find a job quite easily. At Thornfield, Jane enters a new psychological state of being. She is no longer mistreated, abused, or ignored. Mr. Rochester would be glad if you and your pupil would take tea with him in the drawing room this evening (page 120). Jane feels secure and that she is well kept, she is told to do things in a polite manner and for the first time is treated with respect. Jane has never had this experience; therefore this would psychologically create a new state of being. Jane will gain an overwhelming amount of confidence and therefore she may also enhance her emotions and passion towards others. This is the first time Jane converses freely with a man. Apart from the social, historical, inhibitions that she communicates with, Jane also has her own unique sense of right or wrong. This means the portrait of Jane as a Victorian woman is inevitably one infused with morals and manners. Jane is very aware of her position as a subordinate; this leads her to restrict communications with her master. Jane over analyses almost every moment of every encounter with Rochester, this indicates that she is interested in him and has started to learn more about him. He made me love him without looking at him (page Janes relationship with Mr. Rochester gradually increases as she is having more debates and conversations with him. This shows us that not only is Jane learning to be independent and talk for herself, but she is also building on her relationships towards others and Mr. Rochester. Interestingly one of the reasons Jane has been looked down upon in her early years is a clear lack of unconventional beauty. This is perhaps one of the reasons Bronte makes it clear that Rochester too has such an appearance. Was Mr. Rochester now ugly in my eyes? (Page 148). Due to the fact that Jane is asking herself this question, we can see that there is some kind of correlation between her and her loves appearance. The message that Charlotte Bronte is trying to get across is that: love is not only about ideal appearances it is about the inner persons beliefs and the personality of the person. Charlotte Bronte uses very clever metaphors to describe Janes growing feelings. My thin-crescent destiny seemed to enlarge; the banks of existence were filled up; (page147). Jane has never given or received love from childhood. The sensation of love to Jane is indescribable as she has no experience, and probably doesnt know what love is. Therefore Mr. Rochester plays a big part in Janes life as he introduces her to love and teaches her to love and understand others. For the first time Jane undergoes jealousy over a man even though she cannot accept the concept of herself being jealous. But I was not jealous, or very rarely; the nature of the pain I suffered not be explained by that word. (Page 185) Janes jealousy overcomes her feelings as she admits that she is more than jealous. Again this goes back to Jane learning new ways to resolve her emotions and find her way around her work and social life. Jane is now mature and does not have any emotional effects whilst Mrs. Reed reveals why she hates Jane so much. I had a dislike to her mother; for she was my husbands only sister, and a great favorite with him: he opposed the family disowning her when she made her low marriage; and when the news came for her death, he wept like a simpleton. (Page 230). As a matter of fact Jane is quite grateful to Mrs. Reed for telling her about why she was always tormented in her childhood. In a way Mrs. Reed also shows a sense of humbleness as she now sees the burden fully grown up as a modest young educated woman. Charlotte Bronte uses beautiful personification to set the scene for the proposal. Had gone to bed with the sun. (Page 246) At the beginning of chapter twenty three, Bronte describes a fairytale like morning which also reflects on the feelings that Jane is going through at this moment. It describes a pleasant romantic time of day which introduces natural beauty. This may also be picking out on the purity of nature and how the place Jane is sitting in is very Eden like. Jane was gob smacked when she found out that Mr. Rochester was soon going to be married to Miss Ingram. This was a blow; but I did not let it prostrate me. (Page 248) Jane is so irritated but she wont let her emotions fall over her as she is still sitting beside Mr. Rochester in this wonderful romantic evening. Therefore this also means that Jane is learning to be a strong person and also learning to control her emotions which also tell us that she is now a young mature woman and doesnt need anyone to depend on. Through Janes experiences she learns to display her independence towards her love. I stood erect before him. (Page 252) Not only does Bronte use sexually describing word to create drama in the novel but she shows Jane as an upwards manly independent person who gives us the idea of herself doing what she thinks is right, and what her heart tells her to do. So basically she is under no pressure and no ones rights. Jane was delighted when she was told that she is to be the future Miss Rochester. I do and if an oath is necessary to satisfy, I swear it. This gives the readers a wow feeling as Jane and the reader is tricked by Mr. Rochesters sudden agreement of getting to married to her. Furthermore after the proposal there are many sexual verbs included in the novel. I ejaculated (page 253). This may refer to both of the characters knowing that they are soon going to married and as they are Christians they may have an understanding of sex after marriage is permissible so therefore this may give the reader the sense of them wanting to have sex probably straight after marriage. Jane is confused about two big decisions she has to make in her life. I must leave him, it appears. I do not want to leave him-I cannot leave him. (Page 296). As Jane is stuck and cannot make the decisions from what her brain and heart is telling her she has become a frantic panicky person and doesnt know what to do. This decision is also based on her learning throughout her life because its up to her to choose whats good or bad for her and her future. Charlotte Bronte has used a great amount of techniques to create tension between two characters. Erect he sprang; he held his arms out; but I evaded the embrace, and at once quitted the room. (Page 316). Bronte uses a good combination of alliteration to speed up the pace, create high anxiety and tension and also to emphasize feelings in a much quicker but detailed way. Jane Eyres desperation for God was intense. His omnipotence, I had risen to my needs to pay for Mr. Rochester. (Page 321). Jane gains a closer relationship with God, at this point she has time to reflect on what has happened and if it was for the good or not. The readers may think that at this time Jane may have a slight remembrance of her best friend Helen Burns as she was the one who taught, and helped Jane believe in God and ask him to help if the world turns Its back onto you. Once again Jane engages the reader through every step of her life. Do not ask me, reader, to give a minute account of that day; (page 325). Jane does not directly tell the reader about how awful that day was, but cleverly says it indirectly, to imply the dull, venomous, dark yesterday. This again catches the readers eyes because as the story telling goes on there are aspects of the novel which includes the reader so they also feel that they are in a part of this life experience. Jane carries on her journey only by following the path that her feet take her as she then reached the Rivers house in Morton. It is very well we took her in. yes; she would have been found dead at the door in the morning. (Page 335). At last there is some one that cares about Jane even though she doesnt know them at all. For the first time Jane has explored the outer world by herself and for once found herself sleeping in a warm comfortable bed with a nice little happy family. Janes relationship with the Rivers gradually grows as she no longer known as an outsider but as friend. Indicated to us the residence of you friends (page 342). Jane is slowly learning how to engage with people she doesnt know. As a result of her participation she has very quickly gained a family or even real close friends. She has rapidly built trust on these people and has treated them with respect so the obviously they do the same back. The message to the readers from this section of the novel is what goes around comes around therefore if you have caused no grief to others you most probably wouldnt receive grief from others. Janes old memories and hobbies are coming back to her in Morton. I like to read what they like to read. (Page 346). Even at this point Jane is learning new things and gaining higher education as she use to do in Lowood. In Lowood because Jane had nothing to do her hobbies would mostly be reading, therefore reading at this age not only gives Jane more education but it brings back childhood memories which may be a good or bad thing for Jane. Furthermore Charlotte Bronte creates a lot of competition between Jane and others throughout the story. I see now your habits have been what the world calls refined: your tastes lean to the ideal, and your society hast been amongst the educate ;( page 350). As Jane is educated many judge her due to the fact that she is a benefit to others living around Morton as there are not many schools or governesses in the area therefore people are fond of educated men and women that arrive in the village or town. Jane tries to hide the facts about the past. My home, then-when I at last find a home-in a cottage ;( page 355). Bronte uses excellent punctuality to create a sense of pauses, moreover to show a sense of hesitation and Janes Instability of her past. This tells the reader that not only has Jane ran away to keep away from Mr. Rochester but she ran away to forget about her past and start a new peaceful, elegant life. Janes new life as a school teacher was very pleasing. I began personally like some of the best girls; and they liked me. (Page 362) Janes new life was settling ad began to create new relationships with other students. After all, all that studying at Lowood did pay off in the end. Jane felt pleased with herself for the first time she did something that benefited her and other girls that were at the age of when Jane herself went Lowood For the first time after many years Jane comes out of poverty and receives her own money. Merely to tell you that your uncle, Mr. Eyre of Madeira, is dead and that he has left you all his property and that you are now rich-merely that. (Page 377). Jane finds out that has some type of relationship with her dads family but the bad thing is that one of them has died. Jane has learnt so much throughout her life that when she finds out about this money that she inherits, she straight away talks about sharing it with the rivers who are now her cousins. Jane goes melodramatic when she is proposed again my St John her half cousin. Nonsense, again! Marry! I dont want to marry. Jane will not accept this marriage because she believes that you have to love the man to be able to marry him and Jane doesnt love him therefore she wont marry him. The reader may also still think that Jane still has a lot of feelings for Mr. Rochester and will never be able to forget him ever again. To end of with she will purely not marry him due to the fact that he just wants a wife as a business partner and to travel with throughout there life, he also mentions that Jane is strong and has a good personality so therefore her hand in business would be very helpful. Even though Jane doesnt accept this marriage she still makes St John feel welcome. let us be friends. (Page 407). Jane is now mature enough, therefore she will try and make new relationships and resolve old ones. She makes St John feel comfortable as he hesitates to speak to Jane as she had disapproved the proposal. At the beginning of chapter thirty seven Brontes descriptions were very gothic. Characteristics of sad sky, cold gale, and continued, small, penetrating rain. (Page 425). This setting is the opposite to the setting that was described in the setting to the proposal of Mr. Rochester and Jane. Even though the descriptions may be gothic it still gives the reader an idea of a cold romantic winters evening. Jane only accomplished Mr. Rochester as her master. It was my mater, Edward Fairfax Rochester (page 426). Jane was delighted to see Mr. Rochester but in the same way still a bit angry for what had happened on there wedding day. Jane addresses Mr. Rochester by his full name, this may imply her respect for him and that her relation only goes as far as a governess and a master. Jane notices Mr. Rochesters sense of jealousy. You have spoken of him often: do you like him? (Page 435). Bronte makes a reverse in both characters, Jane and Rochester. Before Jane felt a sense of jealousy from Miss Ingram and now Rochester feels a sense of jealousy from St John. This collides with each other creating a little debate or two subjects that tease both characters if they are talked about. In the last paragraph of the novel Jane includes the reader. When his first born (page 446) the boy had inherited hid own eyes (page 446). Charlotte Bronte gives us an overview of what happened in the future, including the bit when Janes and Rochesters relationship and love or each other increases as they have a baby of there own and now can live as a happy family with no interruptions. My personal response I personally think that charlotte Bronte has created a really good and interesting novel. Also I believe that Jane Eyre has learnt so many new things in her life from living with child abuse to becoming a modest young women and even getting to the point of solving her relationship problems. I think that the most important thing that Jane has learnt is to love, most probably because she didnt know what love was, she never received any love from childhood and was never taught to love. Jane is an independent and well educated woman and I dont think she will ever drop again in life.

BUS week 1 DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUS week 1 DB - Essay Example For a long time, books publication has used paper, manufactured from trees. Printing of all traditional books took place on paper, a by-product of trees. This led to the felling down of many trees as paper-producing companies struggled to satisfy the increased demand for paper. This is one of the major contributors of deforestation. However, as the demand for learning materials increased, there was a sharp rise in the demand for paper. Trees became scarcer, and with this scarcity price of logs shot up. Subsequently, there was an increase in the production costs of paper, which they passed on to the publishing companies. Paper manufacturing companies also faced the problem of increased energy costs. The publishers on the other hand had two choices; passing the burden to the reader, who are either mostly students or simply bearing the burden. The later was inevitable, so books became more expensive. The production of books thus faced the problem of scarce paper and scarce energy for pr oduction. Publishers began researching on alternative means of producing books. Due to the advent of internet, the rise of eBooks and their popularity has reduced the costs of books. Through online book marketing sites, publishers upload books by different authors, which people assess online at a fee (Sheehan, 2013). This offers an opportunity for expansive market as not only students’ purchase eBooks. Other interested people can pay and download the books too, which was not possible with the traditional versions. Sheehan, K. (2013).  The ebook revolution: A primer for librarians on the front lines.

A Generalized Thermodynamic Correlation Based on Three-Parameter Essay

A Generalized Thermodynamic Correlation Based on Three-Parameter Corresponding States - Essay Example Moreover, there are discrepancies existing between the extended and the original correlations’ interface. The main objectives of the paper are the development of the analytical correlations basing on the stated three – parameter corresponding state principle. Also, the work is aimed at covering the whole range of Tr and Pr in the practical application of hydrocarbons processing (Lee and Kesler). Furthermore, the work focuses on the improvement of consistence and accuracy of the pre-existing correlations. The achievement of the above stated objectives was based on the two state equations that are similar to Rubin, Benedict and general fluid reference (Lee and Kesler). In the paper, there is the description of the methodologies that can be efficiently used in the in the representation of the thermodynamic functions and volumetric functions. The description is based on the on the 3-parameter corresponding state principle proposed by Pitzer (Lee and Kesler). The functions referred in the description include fugacity coefficients, densities, enthalpy departures, isochoric and isobaric. The description of the methodologies has resulted in the generation of two equations of state that can be effectively used for reference fluids and the two equations are adequately used to represent both the thermodynamic and volumetric properties of both vapour and fluids as a function of the pre-stated 3-parameters within a range where Tr =0.3 to Tr =0.4 and Pr = 0 to Pr = 10. Using the above stated analytical form, there is an improvement in the representation of the properties at critical regions and within low temperatures (Lee and Kesler). The article concludes that, the stated methods are reliable and due to this; they have found wide applications in various in various conditions. Also, it is connoted that the accuracy of the methodologies can be compared to the original Pitzer correlations,

A company profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

A company profile - Essay Example In addition, it entirely owns a functioning power corporation in Singapore. The company majorly takes part in the development, manufacture and operation of big power plants. It uses modern equipment and technology (Meyer and Lu 2005, 63). Also, it makes use of domestic and international capital. The power plants for this company are advanced in terms of technology rendering them efficient and stable (Dietz Orr and Xing 2008, 22). Founded on power industry, this corporation puts emphasis on breakthroughs in management, technology and in organizational systems (YU and YU 2010, 10). These exceptional features have enabled it to break numerous records and create various milestones among its competitors and peers as far as power technology and construction and management of power plant is concerned (Dietz Orr and Xing 2008, 22). The whole labor productivity of this corporation is ranked amongst the top in local power industry. Examining Hainan Nuclear Power Company limited as well as Huaneng Shidaowan Nuclear Power Company, Huaneng power international company ha s gotten into the sector of nuclear power (YU and YU 2010, 10). In the meantime, it actively incorporates different industries, though strongly investing more on the coal, shipping and harbor industries. This has strengthened the company’s aptitude to personally supply coal. The Company considers power industry as its center business (Meyer and Lu 2005, 63). It holds on to the Green Development viewpoint and carries on to pace up structural amendments (YU and YU 2010, 10). The Company struggle to optimize the growth of coal-fired power, robustly develop hydropower, and dynamically build up wind power, solar power alongside other types of modern energy (Dietz Orr and Xing 2008, 22). It strives to build up nuclear power, and goes on with developing natural gas-fired power, to be able to boost the quantity of low-carbon

Carbon Membranes from Polyamideimide and Polyetherimide

Carbon Membranes from Polyamideimide and Polyetherimide CARBON MEMBRANES FROM POLYAMIDEIMIDE AND POLYETHERIMIDE FOR NITROGEN AND METHANE SEPARATION AND ITS PARAMETER STUDY ABSTRACT Carbon membranes prepared from polyamideimide and polyetherimide were studied to find out the effects of different parameters on membrane characteristics. Their properties were analyzed to understand its scope in methane purification. Different compositions were tried to find out the optimum polymer composition as well as the optimum blend composition. They were pyrolyzed at various temperatures to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the morphology of the membrane. Efforts have been made for obtaining a narrow pore distribution as nitrogen and methane have comparable sizes. Analysis of the microstructure of membranes using XRD confirms the variations in chain packing density and d-spacing of polymer chains as a result of a change in pyrolysis temperature. CHN analysis revealed the percentage composition of different elements in the membrane as it was important to control amount of oxygen in the membrane. Glass transition temperature is found using DSC to confirm perfect blen ding of polymers. TGA has been done to find out how the polymer composition affects degradation temperature and to study the chemical changes occurring during pyrolysis. SEM images, both cross section, and surface have been taken to analyze pore structure of the membrane. Keywords: Polyetherimide, Polyamideimide, Pyrolysis, XRD, SEM, CHN. INTRODUCTION Membranes have been widely received as a promising technology in gas separation processes. This is due to its high reliability, low capital investment and low energy usage which overshadow conventional gas separation techniques such as cryogenic distillation, liquid absorption, pressure swing adsorption etc. These established conventional techniques are known for their complexity in processes and high energy intensity. For this reason, researchers are making efforts for an alternative way that promises to give high-cost effectiveness and easy handling (1). Polymer membranes have been widely studied for their application in gas separating units, but they always faced drawbacks like low thermal and chemical stability. Henceforth studies have been focused on carbon membranes, which are the novel and advanced type of membranes. They have been giving promising results ever since and marked a new benchmark for the selectivity of gasses. Excellent ability to withstand high temperature and chemicals made carbon membranes a new branch of study for the researchers to follow. (2) Carbon membranes are prepared by pyrolysing polymer membranes. Pyrolysis is the most significant step in the preparation of carbon membrane. There are different pyrolysis factors that affect membrane properties. During pyrolysis the parameters like pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, atmospheric condition, soaking time etc. can influence the transport properties of the membrane. These factors are chosen wisely based on the application of the membrane. (3) Material selection is the prime factor concerning in preparation of carbon membrane. There are wide varieties of precursor polymers available for preparation of carbon membrane (4). Selection of polymer is the important factor as pyrolysis of different polymer gives carbon membrane with entirely different properties. The precursor polymer should satisfy minimum criteria such as it should not soften nor liquefies during pyrolysis. It should be able to withstand high temperature (5). Polyamidimides and polyetherimides are being recently studied and are found to be giving satisfactory results due to its high melting point and thermal stability (6). Fuertes and Centeno used polyetherimide to prepare supported carbon membrane for gas separation (7). They conducted gas permeability studies for individual gasses as well as for many mixtures of gasses. They also used phenolic resins for their studies (8). Different polymers are always blended to effectively combine the desirable properties of the blending polymers. Gas separation properties of carbon membranes are enhanced while combining different materials. New studies are going on investigating the blending techniques for an optimized result (9). Pore size control is one of the most challenging factors in carbon membrane preparation. Nitrogen and methane is having a kinetic diameter of 3.6 °A and 3.8 °A respectively (10). So in order to separate them by molecular sieving very narrow pore distribution has to be obtained. To get very specific pore size, pyrolysis temperature was changed accordingly. Two types of polymers were chosen so as to understand the effect of individual polymer on membrane properties. Membrane parameters such as polymer concentration, pyrolysis temperature were varied to understand the morphological as well as chemical changes taking place in the membrane. Comparison of carbon membrane with polymer membrane was carried out, which showed interesting results that can be further used to study gas permeation properties of the membranes. Results revealed that these membranes can be used for the separation process of nitrogen from methane. EXPERIMENTAL Material Polyamideimide (PAI) polymer and Polyetherimide (PEI) polymer which are required for the preparation of polymer membrane were purchased from UTM, Malaysia. N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was the solvent used and it was purchased from Merck Life Science Private Limited, Mumbai, India. Methanol used for washing was bought from Titan Biotech Limited, Rajasthan, India.   Acetone was purchased from Merck Specialities Private Limited, Mumbai, India. All reagents were used without any further purification. Polymer Membrane Preparation Polymers that were chosen for preparation were polyamideimide and polyetherimide. The solvent used was N-Methyl-2- pyrolidone. The polymer concentration in NMP was varied from 2- 20 wt.% as shown in the Table 1. Different batches of polymer solution were prepared by dissolving the corresponding amount of polymer in 25ml NMP. Polyamideimide-polyetherimide ratio in the solution was varied as 25/75%, 50/50%, 75/25%, 0/100% and prepared different batches accordingly. For complete dissolution, the solution was kept for magnetic stirring for 3 hrs. The temperature was increased up to 80oC occasionally for 10 minutes, to avoid undissolved particles in the solution. Later the solution was sonicated in a sonication bath. The solution was then casted on a glass plate using a casting rod. The casting rode that was used has a dimension of 450ÃŽ ¼m. The glass plate was kept in the atmosphere for two days for evaporation of the solvent. Later it was kept inside a vacuum oven at 60oC for complete r emoval of NMP. Table 1: Polymer Batches Sample Code Total Polymer (%) PAI/PEI wt percentage (%) PM-01 2 25/75 PM-02 9 25/75 PM-03 12 25/75 PM-04 15 25/75 PM-05 18 25/75 PM-06 20 25/75 Carbon Membrane Preparation Polymer membrane was cut into a rectangular piece and transferred into an alumina crucible. It was then kept inside a tubular furnace by VBCC   for pyrolysis. It was a horizontal furnace with alumina tube. Nitrogen environment was chosen for pyrolysis. The flow rate of nitrogen was kept at 25ml/min. Polymer membranes with PAI/PEI composition of 25/75% was only further used for making carbon membrane as they showed good structural stability compared to other batches. For pyrolysis different protocols were followed. The protocols are as shown below, 1) 50 to 250 oC at a ramp rate of 13.3 Co/min.(2) 250 oC to (Tmax-15) oC at a ramp rate of 3.85 Co/min.(3) (Tmax-15) oC to Tmax oC at a ramp rate of 0.25 Co/min.(4) Soak at Tmax for 2 h. (11)   After pyrolysis, it was kept for natural cooling before taking out. The different batches of carbon membranes based on different pyrolysis protocol were prepared as given in the Table 2. Polymer membrane with 9% polymer concentration was the membrane used for studying different pyrolysis protocols. Table 2: Carbon Membrane Batches Sample Code Total Polymer (%) Pyrolysis Temperature(oC) CM-01 2 600 CM-600 9 600 CM-450 9 450 CM-800 9 800 CM-03 12 600 CM-04 15 600 CM-05 18 600 CM-06 20 600 Characterization of Synthesized Membranes Various techniques were employed for the characterization of polymer as well as their derivative carbon membranes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to find out glass transition temperature of polymer membranes and to study the blending of polymers. Under nitrogen atmosphere, scans from 50 to 450oC at the heating rate of 10oC/min were performed on a DSC Perkin Elmer model 6000. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal degradation of the polymer membranes. Degradation temperature of the membrane, as well as the weight loss during the process, is analyzed. It was carried out on a TGA Perkin Elmer 4000 model, in nitrogen atmosphere at a flow rate of 30 mL min-1. The temperature range was from 50 up to 750 oC. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) was used to study the structural changes in membrane due to variation in pyrolysis temperature. Perkin Elmer 1621 wide-angle X-ray diffractometer was the instrument used to study the microstructural changes in membrane. Using Braggs law the average d-spacing of the membrane was evaluated. It is as shown below, nÃŽ » = 2d sin ÃŽ ¸, where n is an integral number, ÃŽ » is the X-ray wavelength, d is for the inter-layer spacing between the polymer chains and ÃŽ ¸ is   the diffraction angle. CHN analysis was conducted to study the variation in the elemental composition with pyrolysis temperature. Elementar Vario EL was the equipment used here for analysis. Compostion of oxygen was found using separate apparatus. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to get pore size of the membrane as well as get a closer image of the membrane. JEOL Model JSM 6390LV is the model used for the analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical properties Both PAI and PEI met the requirements for preparing carbon membrane with promising results. While contents of PAI in membrane made the membrane more brittle, which is due to its aromatic rings, (10) PEI gave structural support to the membrane. So PAI/PEI content was fixed at 25/75% for all the batches later on. As two polymers are used, the miscibility of the precursors has to be tested and glass transition temperature of the membrane was taken as the criteria for the evaluation. For the polymer blends, Tg was found to be in between of that of individual polymers. Tg of PEI and PAI are 217 °C and 280 °C respectively. And from the Table 3 it is clear that both the polymers are completely miscible and was perfectly blended together. Table 3: Glass Transition Temperature Sample Code PAI/PEI wt Percentage (%) Glass Transition Temperature (oC) PM-25 25/75 233 PM-50 50/50 249 PM-75 75/25 265 PM-100 0/100 219 Effect of polymer concentration on thermal characteristics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unlike polymer membrane, carbon membrane was thermally and chemically stable. Thermal stability is analyzed by TGA. TGA analysis of all polymer membranes is shown in Figure 1. It shows that concentration does not have much effect on degradation temperature of membranes. But it gives an insight into chose the pyrolysis protocol that has to be followed. There are different pyrolysis protocols for preparation of carbon membranes, based on type of precursors used, one protocol is fixed. Figure 1: Thermal analysis of Polymer Membranes Figure 1 illustrates the weight variation of polymer membranes during the heating process up to 800 °C. According to the TGA thermo-diagram, the degradation temperature (Td) is 550 °C and was defined as the temperature corresponding to 15% weight loss. This indicates the high thermal resistance of the membrane. The total weight loss at 800 °C, with 10 °/min heating rate, was approximately 60%. The enhanced thermal stability of the membrane highlights its quality as a precursor for the preparation of carbon molecular sieve membranes. Effect of polymer concentration on structure of membrane Figure 2: XRD of Carbon Membrane of different concentrations Effect of polymer concentration on structure of carbon membrane is shown in Figure 2. As the concentration of polymer was increased from 2% to 20%, peak intensification took place, resulting in a more compact structure. Pore size was reduced and membrane with higher packing density is formed. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on microstructure of membrane Structural analysis on carbon membranes was done by obtaining XRD spectra as a function of pyrolysis temperature. As shown in Figure 3, the XRD spectrum for membrane prepared at 450oC is a merger of two peaks at 22.7o and 18.8o. With increase in pyrolysis temperature, the peaks joined into a single but intensified peak with a shift toward the smaller pore sizes; indicating a decrement in average d-spacing. Figure 3: XRD of Carbon Membrane prepared at different temperatures d-spacing in carbon membrane refers to interlayer distances, with increase in temperature more compact structures are formed. 800  °C was found to be the optimum pyrolysis temperature as membrane having high density and packing efficiency are formed at this temperature. (1) Effect of pyrolysis temperature on membrane composition In order to study how pyrolysis temperature changed the chemical composition of the membrane, elemental analysis has been conducted for both polymers as well as carbon membrane. In Figure 4, the point zero in x-axis corresponds to precursor membrane and it has the lowest carbon content and they started to increase with increase in pyrolysis temperature. However other elemental contents like oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen was reduced with increase in temperature. Presence of oxygen compounds in the carbon membrane surface can make the membrane more hydrophilic and can cause swelling of membranes (11). For the better performance of carbon membrane oxygen content has to be less than 4% (12).When pyrolysis temperature in increased, oxygen content is reduced. Membrane prepared at 800oC has oxygen content less than 4%. So the effect of pyrolysis temperature on hydrophilictiy of the carbon membrane was tested to study the influence of oxygen in the membrane. From the Table 4 it is clear that as pyrolysis temperature is increased, amount of water absorbed is decreased, thus increasing the hydrophobic nature of carbon membranes. This can be explained by the reduction in oxygen containing group in membrane with pyrolysis temperature. Figure 4: Elemental analysis of membranes Table 4: Hydrophilicity of carbon membranes Sample-Code Pyrolysis Temperature ( °C) Wet weight of the membrane (g) Dry weight of the membrane (g) Amount of water absorbed (g) CM-450 450 0.0588 0.0553 0.0035 CM-600 600 0.0523 0.0503 0.0020 CM-800 800 0.0687 0.0607 0.0008 Morphology of Membranes The surface and cross-section morphologies of carbon membranes as well as polymer membranes were investigated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) techniques. Surface image of polymer membrane is shown in Figure 6. It shows a smooth and defect free surface without any deformation. Cross section of the polymer membrane is also shown below. Compared to carbon membrane it does not have uniform pore distribution. All the pores are elongated pores and the membrane formed is very dense. Thickness of polymer membrane was found to be 250ÃŽ ¼m. The honey-comb structure of carbon membrane shows the pore structure in the membrane (Figure 5). It is clear from the image that the membrane is rich in pores and has quite a uniform pore distribution. The membrane was having a sponge-like matrix unlike polymer membrane. This uniform pore distribution allows carbon membrane to have high selectivity over polymer membrane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (b) Figure 5: SEM images: (a) Top surface and (b) Cross section of Carbon Membrane   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (b) Figure 6: SEM images: (a) Top surface and (b) Cross section of PolymerMembrane CONCLUSION Different polymer blends were tried for the preparation of polymer membrane and membranes derived from Polyamideimde/Polyetherimide (25/75wt.%) exhibited more attractive performance than the other blends. Polymer concentration was varied from 2-20% and at 9%   it was found to be exhibiting best results. Polymer membranes prepared from PAI/PEI were transparent hydrophilic membranes. Polymer membranes were thermally unstable compared to carbon membrane and were found to have degradation temperature around 450oC. Complete miscibility of both the polymers was confirmed and the glass transition temperature of the polymer membrane was also found. For the preparation of carbon membrane different protocols were followed for pyrolysis, and 800oC was found to be the optimum temperature for pyrolysis. Thermal analysis of membrane had conducted, which proved the higher thermal stability of the carbon membrane. Morphological studies shows that carbon membrane prepared at 800oC have desirable pore size compared to other membranes prepared at lower temperatures. XRD studies of the carbon membrane showed that as temperature increases, more compact membranes are obtained, which decreases the permeability of the membrane. All the membranes have shown promising results that can be further investigated for gas separation studies. References 1. Carbon membranes from blends of PBI and polyimides for N2/CH4 and CO2/CH4. Seyed Saeid Hosseini, Tai Shung Chung. s.l. : Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, Vol. 328. 174-185. 2. A review on the latest development of carbon membranes for gas separation. A.F. Ismail, L.I.B. David. s.l. : J. Membr. Sci., 2001, Vol. 193. 1. 3. Fabrication of carbon membranes for gas separationa review. S.M. Saufi, A.F. Ismail. s.l. : Carbon, 2004, Vol. 42. 241-259. 4. Gas permeation through micropores of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from kapton polyimide. Suda H, Haraya K. s.l. : Chem B, 1997, Vol. 101. 3988-94. 5. DH, Morthon-Jones. Polymer processing. London : Chapman and Hal, 1984. Chapter 2. 6. Relationship between chemical structure of aromatic polyimides and gas permeation properties of their carbon molecular sieve membranes. H.B. Park, Y.K. Kim, J.M. Lee, S.Y. Lee, Y.M. Lee. s.l. : J. Membr. Sci., 2004, Vol. 229. 117. 7. Carbon molecular sieve membranes from polyetherimide. Fuertes AB, Centeno TA. s.l. : Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 1998, Vol. 26. 23-6. 8. Supported carbon molecular sieve membranes based on phenolic resin. Centeno TA, Fuertes AB. s.l. : J Membr Sci, 1999, Vol. 160. 201-211. 9. Gas separation properties of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from polyimide/polyvinylpyrrolidone blends: effect of the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Y.K. Kim, H.B. Park, Y.M. Lee. s.l. : of the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2005, Vol. 251. 159. 10. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Dipak Rana, Takeshi Matsuura ,Henry C. Foley. Carbon-based Membranes for Separation Processes. London : Springer, 2011. 11. Carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from Matrimid polyimide for nitrogen/methane separation. Xue Ning, William J. Koros. s.l. : Carbon, 2014, Vol. 66. 5 1 1 5 2 2. 12. Interaction, miscibility and phase. E. Fà ¶ldes, E. Fekete, F.E. Karasz, B. Pukà ¡nszky. s.l. : Polymer, 2000, Vol. 41. 975. 13. Gas permeation and micropore structure of carbon molecular sieving membranes modified by oxidation. Kusakabe K, Yamamoto M, Morooka S. s.l. : J Membr Sci , 1998, Vol. 149. 59-67. 14. Characterization of ultramicroporous carbon membranes with. Jones CW, Koros WJ. s.l. : Ind Eng Chem Res, 1995, Vol. 34. 158-163.

The Religious Dimension of Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe Essay

The Religious Dimension of Robinson Crusoe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Robinson Crusoe’s discovery of the work ethic on the small island goes hand in hand with a spiritual awakening.   Robinson Crusoe is not a very profound religious thinker, although religion is part of his education and transformation.   He claims he reads the Bible, and he is prepared to quote it from time to time.   But he doesn’t puzzle over it or even get involved in the narrative or character attractions of the stories.   The Bible for him appears to be something like a Dale Carnegie handbook of maxims to keep the work on schedule and to stifle any possible complaints or longings for a different situation.   Still, the religious dimension is central to Robinson Crusoe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robinson Crusoe’s interpretation of his life links the financial success directly and repeatedly with his growth in religious awareness.   This is not an intellectual conversion but, simply put, an awareness that he has, in some ways, received God’s grace and is under His care.   The growing profitability of his efforts is proof of such a spiritual reward.   This awareness fills him with a sense of guilt for his former life and a great desire to be relieved of that guilt.   The desire to be relieved from that feeling of guilt, in fact, is much stronger than Robinson Crusoe’s desire to be delivered from the island. Now I looked back upon my past life with such horror, and my sins appeared so dreadful, that my soul sought nothing of God but deliverance from the load of guilt that bore down all my comfort.   As for my solitary life; it was nothing; I did not so much as pray to be delivered from it or think of it; it was all of no considerations in comparison to this; and I added this part here to ... ... The inhabitants of the New World were there to be ignored, like Friday’s father, used as servants, like Friday, or killed, like the cannibals.   The important part of the Puritan encounter with the New World was what Robinson Crusoe shows us, the spiritual testing of the solitary Protestant spirit, a life-long ordeal in which he achieved success (or the closest thing to a manifestation of success) by stamping his will on the new land, staking out territory as his property through backbreaking toil, without any concessions to anyone or anything, least of all to the land or to its original inhabitants.   That was the Puritan’s calling; that was the reason God has placed us on this earth: to put to our personal uses the material and people available, to ignore what does not fit in with such projects, and to remove quickly and ruthlessly anything that stands in our way.